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Author: Samuel Colvin, Eric Jolibois, Hasan Ramezani, Adrian Garcia Badaracco, Terrence Dorsey, David Montague, Serge Matveenko, Marcelo Trylesinski, Sydney Runkle, David Hewitt, Alex Hall, Victorien Plot

Requires Python: >=3.9

Classifiers

Development Status

5 - Production/Stable

Framework

Hypothesis
Pydantic

Intended Audience

Developers
Information Technology

License

OSI Approved :: MIT License

Operating System

OS Independent

Programming Language

Python
Python :: 3
Python :: 3 :: Only
Python :: 3.9
Python :: 3.10
Python :: 3.11
Python :: 3.12
Python :: 3.13
Python :: Implementation :: CPython
Python :: Implementation :: PyPy

Topic

Internet
Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules

Pydantic

Data validation using Python type hints.

Fast and extensible, Pydantic plays nicely with your linters/IDE/brain. Define how data should be in pure, canonical Python 3.9+; validate it with Pydantic.

Pydantic Logfire :fire:

We've recently launched Pydantic Logfire to help you monitor your applications. Learn more

Pydantic V1.10 vs. V2

Pydantic V2 is a ground-up rewrite that offers many new features, performance improvements, and some breaking changes compared to Pydantic V1.

If you're using Pydantic V1 you may want to look at the pydantic V1.10 Documentation or, 1.10.X-fixes git branch. Pydantic V2 also ships with the latest version of Pydantic V1 built in so that you can incrementally upgrade your code base and projects: from pydantic import v1 as pydantic_v1.

Help

See documentation for more details.

Installation

Install using pip install -U pydantic or conda install pydantic -c conda-forge. For more installation options to make Pydantic even faster, see the Install section in the documentation.

A Simple Example

from datetime import datetime
from typing import Optional
from pydantic import BaseModel

class User(BaseModel):
    id: int
    name: str = 'John Doe'
    signup_ts: Optional[datetime] = None
    friends: list[int] = []

external_data = {'id': '123', 'signup_ts': '2017-06-01 12:22', 'friends': [1, '2', b'3']}
user = User(**external_data)
print(user)
#> User id=123 name='John Doe' signup_ts=datetime.datetime(2017, 6, 1, 12, 22) friends=[1, 2, 3]
print(user.id)
#> 123

Contributing

For guidance on setting up a development environment and how to make a contribution to Pydantic, see Contributing to Pydantic.

Reporting a Security Vulnerability

See our security policy.

Changelog

v2.11.5 (2025-05-22)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Fixes

Check if FieldInfo is complete after applying type variable map by @Viicos in #11855
Do not delete mock validator/serializer in model_rebuild() by @Viicos in #11890
Do not duplicate metadata on model rebuild by @Viicos in #11902

v2.11.4 (2025-04-29)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Packaging

Bump mkdocs-llmstxt to v0.2.0 by @Viicos in #11725

Changes

Allow config and bases to be specified together in create_model() by @Viicos in #11714. This change was backported as it was previously possible (although not meant to be supported) to provide model_config as a field, which would make it possible to provide both configuration and bases.

Fixes

Remove generics cache workaround by @Viicos in #11755
Remove coercion of decimal constraints by @Viicos in #11772
Fix crash when expanding root type in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in #11735
Fix issue with recursive generic models by @Viicos in #11775
Traverse function-before schemas during schema gathering by @Viicos in #11801

v2.11.3 (2025-04-08)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Packaging

Update V1 copy to v1.10.21 by @Viicos in #11706

Fixes

Preserve field description when rebuilding model fields by @Viicos in #11698

v2.11.2 (2025-04-03)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Fixes

Bump pydantic-core to v2.33.1 by @Viicos in #11678
Make sure __pydantic_private__ exists before setting private attributes by @Viicos in #11666
Do not override FieldInfo._complete when using field from parent class by @Viicos in #11668
Provide the available definitions when applying discriminated unions by @Viicos in #11670
Do not expand root type in the mypy plugin for variables by @Viicos in #11676
Mention the attribute name in model fields deprecation message by @Viicos in #11674
Properly validate parameterized mappings by @Viicos in #11658

v2.11.1 (2025-03-28)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Fixes

Do not override 'definitions-ref' schemas containing serialization schemas or metadata by @Viicos in #11644

v2.11.0 (2025-03-27)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Pydantic v2.11 is a version strongly focused on build time performance of Pydantic models (and core schema generation in general). See the blog post for more details.

Packaging

Bump pydantic-core to v2.33.0 by @Viicos in #11631

New Features

Add encoded_string() method to the URL types by @YassinNouh21 in #11580
Add support for defer_build with @validate_call decorator by @Viicos in #11584
Allow @with_config decorator to be used with keyword arguments by @Viicos in #11608
Simplify customization of default value inclusion in JSON Schema generation by @Viicos in #11634
Add generate_arguments_schema() function by @Viicos in #11572

Fixes

Allow generic typed dictionaries to be used for unpacked variadic keyword parameters by @Viicos in #11571
Fix runtime error when computing model string representation involving cached properties and self-referenced models by @Viicos in #11579
Preserve other steps when using the ellipsis in the pipeline API by @Viicos in #11626
Fix deferred discriminator application logic by @Viicos in #11591

New Contributors

@cmenon12 made their first contribution in #11562
@Jeukoh made their first contribution in #11611

v2.11.0b2 (2025-03-17)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Packaging

Bump pydantic-core to v2.32.0 by @Viicos in #11567

New Features

Add experimental support for free threading by @Viicos in #11516

Fixes

Fix NotRequired qualifier not taken into account in stringified annotation by @Viicos in #11559

New Contributors

@joren485 made their first contribution in #11547

v2.11.0b1 (2025-03-06)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Packaging

Add a check_pydantic_core_version() function by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11324
Remove greenlet development dependency by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11351
Use the typing-inspection library by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11479
Bump pydantic-core to v2.31.1 by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11526

New Features

Support unsubstituted type variables with both a default and a bound or constraints by @FyZzyss in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10789
Add a default_factory_takes_validated_data property to FieldInfo by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11034
Raise a better error when a generic alias is used inside type[] by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11088
Properly support PEP 695 generics syntax by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11189
Properly support type variable defaults by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11332
Add support for validating v6, v7, v8 UUIDs by @astei in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11436
Improve alias configuration APIs by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11468

Changes

Rework create_model field definitions format by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11032
Raise a deprecation warning when a field is annotated as final with a default value by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11168
Deprecate accessing model_fields and model_computed_fields on instances by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11169
Breaking Change: Move core schema generation logic for path types inside the GenerateSchema class by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10846
Remove Python 3.8 Support by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11258
Optimize calls to get_type_ref by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10863
Disable pydantic-core core schema validation by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11271

Performance

Only evaluate FieldInfo annotations if required during schema building by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10769
Improve __setattr__ performance of Pydantic models by caching setter functions by @MarkusSintonen in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10868
Improve annotation application performance by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11186
Improve performance of _typing_extra module by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11255
Refactor and optimize schema cleaning logic by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11244
Create a single dictionary when creating a CoreConfig instance by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11384
Bump pydantic-core and thus use SchemaValidator and SchemaSerializer caching by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11402
Reuse cached core schemas for parametrized generic Pydantic models by @MarkusSintonen in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11434

Fixes

Improve TypeAdapter instance repr by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10872
Use the correct frame when instantiating a parametrized TypeAdapter by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10893
Infer final fields with a default value as class variables in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11121
Recursively unpack Literal values if using PEP 695 type aliases by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11114
Override __subclasscheck__ on ModelMetaclass to avoid memory leak and performance issues by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11116
Remove unused _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema() parameter by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11155
Improve discriminated union error message for invalid union variants by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11161
Unpack PEP 695 type aliases if using the Annotated form by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11109
Add missing stacklevel in deprecated_instance_property warning by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11200
Copy WithJsonSchema schema to avoid sharing mutated data by @thejcannon in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11014
Do not cache parametrized models when in the process of parametrizing another model by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10704
Add discriminated union related metadata entries to the CoreMetadata definition by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11216
Consolidate schema definitions logic in the _Definitions class by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11208
Support initializing root model fields with values of the root type in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11212
Fix various issues with dataclasses and use_attribute_docstrings by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11246
Only compute normalized decimal places if necessary in decimal_places_validator by @misrasaurabh1 in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11281
Add support for validation_alias in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11295
Fix JSON Schema reference collection with "examples" keys by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11305
Do not transform model serializer functions as class methods in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11298
Simplify GenerateJsonSchema.literal_schema() implementation by @misrasaurabh1 in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11321
Add additional allowed schemes for ClickHouseDsn by @Maze21127 in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11319
Coerce decimal constraints to Decimal instances by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11350
Use the correct JSON Schema mode when handling function schemas by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11367
Improve exception message when encountering recursion errors during type evaluation by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11356
Always include additionalProperties: True for arbitrary dictionary schemas by @austinyu in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11392
Expose fallback parameter in serialization methods by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11398
Fix path serialization behavior by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11416
Do not reuse validators and serializers during model rebuild by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11429
Collect model fields when rebuilding a model by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11388
Allow cached properties to be altered on frozen models by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11432
Fix tuple serialization for Sequence types by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11435
Fix: do not check for __get_validators__ on classes where __get_pydantic_core_schema__ is also defined by @tlambert03 in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11444
Allow callable instances to be used as serializers by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11451
Improve error thrown when overriding field with a property by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11459
Fix JSON Schema generation with referenceable core schemas holding JSON metadata by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11475
Support strict specification on union member types by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11481
Implicitly set validate_by_name to True when validate_by_alias is False by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11503
Change type of Any when synthesizing BaseSettings.__init__ signature in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11497
Support type variable defaults referencing other type variables by @Viicos in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11520
Fix ValueError on year zero by @davidhewitt in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1583
dataclass InitVar shouldn't be required on serialization by @sydney-runkle in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1602

New Contributors

@FyZzyss made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10789
@tamird made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10948
@felixxm made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11077
@alexprabhat99 made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11082
@Kharianne made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11111
@mdaffad made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11177
@thejcannon made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11014
@thomasfrimannkoren made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11251
@usernameMAI made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11275
@ananiavito made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11302
@pawamoy made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11311
@Maze21127 made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11319
@kauabh made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11369
@jaceklaskowski made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11353
@tmpbeing made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11375
@petyosi made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11405
@austinyu made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11392
@mikeedjones made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11402
@astei made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11436
@dsayling made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11522
@sobolevn made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1645

v2.11.0a2 (2025-02-10)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Pydantic v2.11 is a version strongly focused on build time performance of Pydantic models (and core schema generation in general). This is another early alpha release, meant to collect early feedback from users having issues with core schema builds.

Packaging

Bump ruff from 0.9.2 to 0.9.5 by @Viicos in #11407
Bump pydantic-core to v2.29.0 by @mikeedjones in #11402
Use locally-built rust with symbols & pgo by @davidhewitt in #11403

Performance

Create a single dictionary when creating a CoreConfig instance by @sydney-runkle in #11384

Fixes

Use the correct JSON Schema mode when handling function schemas by @Viicos in #11367
Fix JSON Schema reference logic with examples keys by @Viicos in #11366
Improve exception message when encountering recursion errors during type evaluation by @Viicos in #11356
Always include additionalProperties: True for arbitrary dictionary schemas by @austinyu in #11392
Expose fallback parameter in serialization methods by @Viicos in #11398
Fix path serialization behavior by @sydney-runkle in #11416

New Contributors

@kauabh made their first contribution in #11369
@jaceklaskowski made their first contribution in #11353
@tmpbeing made their first contribution in #11375
@petyosi made their first contribution in #11405
@austinyu made their first contribution in #11392
@mikeedjones made their first contribution in #11402

v2.11.0a1 (2025-01-30)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Pydantic v2.11 is a version strongly focused on build time performance of Pydantic models (and core schema generation in general). This is an early alpha release, meant to collect early feedback from users having issues with core schema builds.

Packaging

Bump dawidd6/action-download-artifact from 6 to 7 by @dependabot in #11018
Re-enable memray related tests on Python 3.12+ by @Viicos in #11191
Bump astral-sh/setup-uv to 5 by @dependabot in #11205
Bump ruff to v0.9.0 by @sydney-runkle in #11254
Regular uv.lock deps update by @sydney-runkle in #11333
Add a check_pydantic_core_version() function by @Viicos in #11324
Remove greenlet development dependency by @Viicos in #11351
Bump pydantic-core to v2.28.0 by @Viicos in #11364

New Features

Support unsubstituted type variables with both a default and a bound or constraints by @FyZzyss in #10789
Add a default_factory_takes_validated_data property to FieldInfo by @Viicos in #11034
Raise a better error when a generic alias is used inside type[] by @Viicos in #11088
Properly support PEP 695 generics syntax by @Viicos in #11189
Properly support type variable defaults by @Viicos in #11332

Changes

Rework create_model field definitions format by @Viicos in #11032
Raise a deprecation warning when a field is annotated as final with a default value by @Viicos in #11168
Deprecate accessing model_fields and model_computed_fields on instances by @Viicos in #11169
Move core schema generation logic for path types inside the GenerateSchema class by @sydney-runkle in #10846
Move deque schema gen to GenerateSchema class by @sydney-runkle in #11239
Move Mapping schema gen to GenerateSchema to complete removal of prepare_annotations_for_known_type workaround by @sydney-runkle in #11247
Remove Python 3.8 Support by @sydney-runkle in #11258
Disable pydantic-core core schema validation by @sydney-runkle in #11271

Performance

Only evaluate FieldInfo annotations if required during schema building by @Viicos in #10769
Optimize calls to get_type_ref by @Viicos in #10863
Improve __setattr__ performance of Pydantic models by caching setter functions by @MarkusSintonen in #10868
Improve annotation application performance by @Viicos in #11186
Improve performance of _typing_extra module by @Viicos in #11255
Refactor and optimize schema cleaning logic by @Viicos and @MarkusSintonen in #11244

Fixes

Add validation tests for _internal/_validators.py by @tkasuz in #10763
Improve TypeAdapter instance repr by @sydney-runkle in #10872
Revert "ci: use locally built pydantic-core with debug symbols by @sydney-runkle in #10942
Re-enable all FastAPI tests by @tamird in #10948
Fix typo in HISTORY.md. by @felixxm in #11077
Infer final fields with a default value as class variables in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in #11121
Recursively unpack Literal values if using PEP 695 type aliases by @Viicos in #11114
Override __subclasscheck__ on ModelMetaclass to avoid memory leak and performance issues by @Viicos in #11116
Remove unused _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema() parameter by @Viicos in #11155
Add FastAPI and SQLModel to third-party tests by @sydney-runkle in #11044
Fix conditional expressions syntax for third-party tests by @Viicos in #11162
Move FastAPI tests to third-party workflow by @Viicos in #11164
Improve discriminated union error message for invalid union variants by @Viicos in #11161
Unpack PEP 695 type aliases if using the Annotated form by @Viicos in #11109
Include openapi-python-client check in issue creation for third-party failures, use main branch by @sydney-runkle in #11182
Add pandera third-party tests by @Viicos in #11193
Add ODMantic third-party tests by @sydney-runkle in #11197
Add missing stacklevel in deprecated_instance_property warning by @Viicos in #11200
Copy WithJsonSchema schema to avoid sharing mutated data by @thejcannon in #11014
Do not cache parametrized models when in the process of parametrizing another model by @Viicos in #10704
Re-enable Beanie third-party tests by @Viicos in #11214
Add discriminated union related metadata entries to the CoreMetadata definition by @Viicos in #11216
Consolidate schema definitions logic in the _Definitions class by @Viicos in #11208
Support initializing root model fields with values of the root type in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in #11212
Fix various issues with dataclasses and use_attribute_docstrings by @Viicos in #11246
Only compute normalized decimal places if necessary in decimal_places_validator by @misrasaurabh1 in #11281
Fix two misplaced sentences in validation errors documentation by @ananiavito in #11302
Fix mkdocstrings inventory example in documentation by @pawamoy in #11311
Add support for validation_alias in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in #11295
Do not transform model serializer functions as class methods in the mypy plugin by @Viicos in #11298
Simplify GenerateJsonSchema.literal_schema() implementation by @misrasaurabh1 in #11321
Add additional allowed schemes for ClickHouseDsn by @Maze21127 in #11319
Coerce decimal constraints to Decimal instances by @Viicos in #11350
Fix ValueError on year zero by @davidhewitt in pydantic-core#1583

New Contributors

@FyZzyss made their first contribution in #10789
@tamird made their first contribution in #10948
@felixxm made their first contribution in #11077
@alexprabhat99 made their first contribution in #11082
@Kharianne made their first contribution in #11111
@mdaffad made their first contribution in #11177
@thejcannon made their first contribution in #11014
@thomasfrimannkoren made their first contribution in #11251
@usernameMAI made their first contribution in #11275
@ananiavito made their first contribution in #11302
@pawamoy made their first contribution in #11311
@Maze21127 made their first contribution in #11319

v2.10.6 (2025-01-23)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Fixes

Fix JSON Schema reference collection with 'examples' keys by @Viicos in #11325
Fix url python serialization by @sydney-runkle in #11331

v2.10.5 (2025-01-08)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Fixes

Remove custom MRO implementation of Pydantic models by @Viicos in #11184
Fix URL serialization for unions by @sydney-runkle in #11233

v2.10.4 (2024-12-18)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Packaging

Bump pydantic-core to v2.27.2 by @davidhewitt in #11138

Fixes

Fix for comparison of AnyUrl objects by @alexprabhat99 in #11082
Properly fetch PEP 695 type params for functions, do not fetch annotations from signature by @Viicos in #11093
Include JSON Schema input core schema in function schemas by @Viicos in #11085
Add len to _BaseUrl to avoid TypeError by @Kharianne in #11111
Make sure the type reference is removed from the seen references by @Viicos in #11143

New Contributors

@FyZzyss made their first contribution in #10789
@tamird made their first contribution in #10948
@felixxm made their first contribution in #11077
@alexprabhat99 made their first contribution in #11082
@Kharianne made their first contribution in #11111

v2.10.3 (2024-12-03)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Fixes

Set fields when defer_build is set on Pydantic dataclasses by @Viicos in #10984
Do not resolve the JSON Schema reference for dict core schema keys by @Viicos in #10989
Use the globals of the function when evaluating the return type for PlainSerializer and WrapSerializer functions by @Viicos in #11008
Fix host required enforcement for urls to be compatible with v2.9 behavior by @sydney-runkle in #11027
Add a default_factory_takes_validated_data property to FieldInfo by @Viicos in #11034
Fix url json schema in serialization mode by @sydney-runkle in #11035

v2.10.2 (2024-11-25)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Fixes

Only evaluate FieldInfo annotations if required during schema building by @Viicos in #10769
Do not evaluate annotations for private fields by @Viicos in #10962
Support serialization as any for Secret types and Url types by @sydney-runkle in #10947
Fix type hint of Field.default to be compatible with Python 3.8 and 3.9 by @Viicos in #10972
Add hashing support for URL types by @sydney-runkle in #10975
Hide BaseModel.__replace__ definition from type checkers by @Viicos in #10979

v2.10.1 (2024-11-21)

GitHub release

What's Changed

Packaging

Bump pydantic-core version to v2.27.1 by @sydney-runkle in #10938

Fixes

Use the correct frame when instantiating a parametrized TypeAdapter by @Viicos in #10893
Relax check for validated data in default_factory utils by @sydney-runkle in #10909
Fix type checking issue with model_fields and model_computed_fields by @sydney-runkle in #10911
Use the parent configuration during schema generation for stdlib dataclasses by @sydney-runkle in #10928
Use the globals of the function when evaluating the return type of serializers and computed_fields by @Viicos in #10929
Fix URL constraint application by @sydney-runkle in #10922
Fix URL equality with different validation methods by @sydney-runkle in #10934
Fix JSON schema title when specified as '' by @sydney-runkle in #10936
Fix python mode serialization for complex inference by @sydney-runkle in pydantic-core#1549

New Contributors

v2.10.0 (2024-11-20)

The code released in v2.10.0 is practically identical to that of v2.10.0b2.

GitHub release

See the v2.10 release blog post for the highlights!

What's Changed

Packaging

Bump pydantic-core to v2.27.0 by @sydney-runkle in #10825
Replaced pdm with uv by @frfahim in #10727

New Features

Support fractions.Fraction by @sydney-runkle in #10318
Support Hashable for json validation by @sydney-runkle in #10324
Add a SocketPath type for linux systems by @theunkn0wn1 in #10378
Allow arbitrary refs in JSON schema examples by @sydney-runkle in #10417
Support defer_build for Pydantic dataclasses by @Viicos in #10313
Adding v1 / v2 incompatibility warning for nested v1 model by @sydney-runkle in #10431
Add support for unpacked TypedDict to type hint variadic keyword arguments with @validate_call by @Viicos in #10416
Support compiled patterns in protected_namespaces by @sydney-runkle in #10522
Add support for propertyNames in JSON schema by @FlorianSW in #10478
Adding __replace__ protocol for Python 3.13+ support by @sydney-runkle in #10596
Expose public sort method for JSON schema generation by @sydney-runkle in #10595
Add runtime validation of @validate_call callable argument by @kc0506 in #10627
Add experimental_allow_partial support by @samuelcolvin in #10748
Support default factories taking validated data as an argument by @Viicos in #10678
Allow subclassing ValidationError and PydanticCustomError by @Youssefares in pydantic/pydantic-core#1413
Add trailing-strings support to experimental_allow_partial by @sydney-runkle in #10825
Add rebuild() method for TypeAdapter and simplify defer_build patterns by @sydney-runkle in #10537
Improve TypeAdapter instance repr by @sydney-runkle in #10872

Changes

Don't allow customization of SchemaGenerator until interface is more stable by @sydney-runkle in #10303
Cleanly defer_build on TypeAdapters, removing experimental flag by @sydney-runkle in #10329
Fix mro of generic subclass by @kc0506 in #10100
Strip whitespaces on JSON Schema title generation by @sydney-runkle in #10404
Use b64decode and b64encode for Base64Bytes type by @sydney-runkle in #10486
Relax protected namespace config default by @sydney-runkle in #10441
Revalidate parametrized generics if instance's origin is subclass of OG class by @sydney-runkle in #10666
Warn if configuration is specified on the @dataclass decorator and with the __pydantic_config__ attribute by @sydney-runkle in #10406
Recommend against using Ellipsis (...) with Field by @Viicos in #10661
Migrate to subclassing instead of annotated approach for pydantic url types by @sydney-runkle in #10662
Change JSON schema generation of Literals and Enums by @Viicos in #10692
Simplify unions involving Any or Never when replacing type variables by @Viicos in #10338
Do not require padding when decoding base64 bytes by @bschoenmaeckers in pydantic/pydantic-core#1448
Support dates all the way to 1BC by @changhc in pydantic/speedate#77

Performance

Schema cleaning: skip unnecessary copies during schema walking by @Viicos in #10286
Refactor namespace logic for annotations evaluation by @Viicos in #10530
Improve email regexp on edge cases by @AlekseyLobanov in #10601
CoreMetadata refactor with an emphasis on documentation, schema build time performance, and reducing complexity by @sydney-runkle in #10675

Fixes

Remove guarding check on computed_field with field_serializer by @nix010 in #10390
Fix Predicate issue in v2.9.0 by @sydney-runkle in #10321
Fixing annotated-types bound by @sydney-runkle in #10327
Turn tzdata install requirement into optional timezone dependency by @jakob-keller in #10331
Use correct types namespace when building namedtuple core schemas by @Viicos in #10337
Fix evaluation of stringified annotations during namespace inspection by @Viicos in #10347
Fix IncEx type alias definition by @Viicos in #10339
Do not error when trying to evaluate annotations of private attributes by @Viicos in #10358
Fix nested type statement by @kc0506 in #10369
Improve typing of ModelMetaclass.mro by @Viicos in #10372
Fix class access of deprecated computed_fields by @Viicos in #10391
Make sure inspect.iscoroutinefunction works on coroutines decorated with @validate_call by @MovisLi in #10374
Fix NameError when using validate_call with PEP 695 on a class by @kc0506 in #10380
Fix ZoneInfo with various invalid types by @sydney-runkle in #10408
Fix PydanticUserError on empty model_config with annotations by @cdwilson in #10412
Fix variance issue in _IncEx type alias, only allow True by @Viicos in #10414
Fix serialization schema generation when using PlainValidator by @Viicos in #10427
Fix schema generation error when serialization schema holds references by @Viicos in #10444
Inline references if possible when generating schema for json_schema_input_type by @Viicos in #10439
Fix recursive arguments in Representation by @Viicos in #10480
Fix representation for builtin function types by @kschwab in #10479
Add python validators for decimal constraints (max_digits and decimal_places) by @sydney-runkle in #10506
Only fetch __pydantic_core_schema__ from the current class during schema generation by @Viicos in #10518
Fix stacklevel on deprecation warnings for BaseModel by @sydney-runkle in #10520
Fix warning stacklevel in BaseModel.__init__ by @Viicos in #10526
Improve error handling for in-evaluable refs for discriminator application by @sydney-runkle in #10440
Change the signature of ConfigWrapper.core_config to take the title directly by @Viicos in #10562
Do not use the previous config from the stack for dataclasses without config by @Viicos in #10576
Fix serialization for IP types with mode='python' by @sydney-runkle in #10594
Support constraint application for Base64Etc types by @sydney-runkle in #10584
Fix validate_call ignoring Field in Annotated by @kc0506 in #10610
Raise an error when Self is invalid by @kc0506 in #10609
Using core_schema.InvalidSchema instead of metadata injection + checks by @sydney-runkle in #10523
Tweak type alias logic by @kc0506 in #10643
Support usage of type with typing.Self and type aliases by @kc0506 in #10621
Use overloads for Field and PrivateAttr functions by @Viicos in #10651
Clean up the mypy plugin implementation by @Viicos in #10669
Properly check for typing_extensions variant of TypeAliasType by @Daraan in #10713
Allow any mapping in BaseModel.model_copy() by @Viicos in #10751
Fix isinstance behavior for urls by @sydney-runkle in #10766
Ensure cached_property can be set on Pydantic models by @Viicos in #10774
Fix equality checks for primitives in literals by @sydney-runkle in pydantic/pydantic-core#1459
Properly enforce host_required for URLs by @Viicos in pydantic/pydantic-core#1488
Fix when coerce_numbers_to_str enabled and string has invalid Unicode character by @andrey-berenda in pydantic/pydantic-core#1515
Fix serializing complex values in Enums by @changhc in pydantic/pydantic-core#1524
Refactor _typing_extra module by @Viicos in #10725
Support intuitive equality for urls by @sydney-runkle in #10798
Add bytearray to TypeAdapter.validate_json signature by @samuelcolvin in #10802
Ensure class access of method descriptors is performed when used as a default with Field by @Viicos in #10816
Fix circular import with validate_call by @sydney-runkle in #10807
Fix error when using type aliases referencing other type aliases by @Viicos in #10809
Fix IncEx type alias to be compatible with mypy by @Viicos in #10813
Make __signature__ a lazy property, do not deepcopy defaults by @Viicos in #10818
Make __signature__ lazy for dataclasses, too by @sydney-runkle in #10832
Subclass all single host url classes from AnyUrl to preserve behavior from v2.9 by @sydney-runkle in #10856