gfloat: Generic floating-point types in Python

An implementation of generic floating point encode/decode logic, handling various current and proposed floating point types:

IEEE 754: Binary16, Binary32
OCP Float8: E5M2, E4M3
IEEE WG P3109: P3109_{K}p{P} for K > 2, and 1 <= P < K.
OCP MX Formats: E2M1, M2M3, E3M2, E8M0, INT8, and the MX block formats.

The library favours readability and extensibility over speed (although the *_ndarray functions are reasonably fast for large arrays, see the benchmarking notebook). For other implementations of these datatypes more focused on speed see, for example, ml_dtypes, bitstring, MX PyTorch Emulation Library.

See https://gfloat.readthedocs.io for documentation, or dive into the notebooks to explore the formats.

For example, here's a table from the 02-value-stats notebook:

name	B: Bits in the format	P: Precision in bits	E: Exponent field width in bits	Exact in float16?	Exact in float32?	0<x<1	1<x<Inf	minSubnormal	maxSubnormal	minNormal	maxNormal
name	B	P	E	rt16	rt32	lt1	gt1	minSubnormal	maxSubnormal	minNormal	maxNormal
--------------	-----	-----	-----	--------	--------	-------	-------	----------------	----------------	-------------	---------------
p3109_k3p2sf	3	2	1	True	True	1	1	0.5	0.5	1	1.5
ocp_e2m1	4	2	2	True	True	1	5	0.5	0.5	1	6
p3109_k4p2sf	4	2	2	True	True	3	3	0.25	0.25	0.5	3
ocp_e2m3	6	4	2	True	True	7	23	0.125	0.875	1	7.5
ocp_e3m2	6	3	3	True	True	11	19	0.0625	0.1875	0.25	28
p3109_k6p3sf	6	3	3	True	True	15	15	0.03125	0.09375	0.125	14
p3109_k6p4sf	6	4	2	True	True	15	15	0.0625	0.4375	0.5	3.75
ocp_e4m3	8	4	4	True	True	55	70	2^-9	7/4*2^-7	0.015625	448
ocp_e5m2	8	3	5	True	True	59	63	2^-16	3/2*2^-15	2^-14	57344
p3109_k8p1se	8	1	7	False	True	63	62	n/a	n/a	2^-63	2^62
p3109_k8p1ue	8	1	8	False	True	127	125	n/a	n/a	2^-127	2^125
p3109_k8p3se	8	3	5	True	True	63	62	2^-17	3/2*2^-16	2^-15	49152
p3109_k8p3sf	8	3	5	True	True	63	63	2^-17	3/2*2^-16	2^-15	57344
p3109_k8p3ue	8	3	6	False	True	127	125	2^-33	3/2*2^-32	2^-31	5/4*2^31
p3109_k8p3uf	8	3	6	False	True	127	126	2^-33	3/2*2^-32	2^-31	3/2*2^31
p3109_k8p4se	8	4	4	True	True	63	62	2^-10	7/4*2^-8	0.0078125	224
p3109_k8p4sf	8	4	4	True	True	63	63	2^-10	7/4*2^-8	0.0078125	240
p3109_k8p4ue	8	4	5	True	True	127	125	2^-18	7/4*2^-16	2^-15	53248
p3109_k8p4uf	8	4	5	True	True	127	126	2^-18	7/4*2^-16	2^-15	57344
p3109_k8p7sf	8	7	1	True	True	63	63	0.015625	63/32*2^-1	1	127/64*2^0
p3109_k8p8uf	8	8	1	True	True	127	126	0.0078125	127/64*2^-1	1	127/64*2^0
binary16	16	11	5	True	True	15359	16383	2^-24	1023/512*2^-15	2^-14	65504
bfloat16	16	8	8	False	True	16255	16383	2^-133	127/64*2^-127	2^-126	255/128*2^127
ocp_e8m0	8	1	8	False	True	127	127	n/a	n/a	2^-127	2^127
ocp_int8	8	8	0	True	True	63	63	0.015625	127/64*2^0	n/a	n/a